AN ISO/IEC - 17025 STANDARD - NABL ACCREDITATION LABORATORY / TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION - MECH - CIVIL - ELECTRICAL & IT COURSES / A to Z LABORATORY TESTING SERVICES / INSPECTION SERVICES / ALL ENGINEERING CONTRACTORS / MORE THAN 1500 SERVICES ...

Water leakage / water seepage / water Dampness Investigation - Building
 
 
 
1. What are the common causes of water leakage?
 
Common causes of water leakage :
 
  • * Leakage in the drainage pipes of the upper, adjacent or your own flat.
  • * Leakage in the water supply pipes of the upper, adjacent or your own flat.
  • * Deteriorated waterproofing of floor slabs or bath-tub seals.
  • * Seepage of waste water or rain water through roof / external wall.
  •  
    water seepage Testing methods
     
  • 1. Dye Tracer Test
  • 2. Electrical capacitance Investigation
  • 3. Electrical Resistance Investigation
  • 4. Microwave Leakage Testing
  • 5. Infrared Thermography Testing
  • 6. Pressure Test
  • 7. Humidity Sensors Test
  • 8. Electrical Earth Leakage Test
  • 9. Flood Testing
  • 10. Water Spray Test
  • 11. Acoustic Leak Testing
  •  
    WATER LEAKAGE ACCURACY OF INVESTIGATION
     
  • 1. Two common sources of water seepage in buildings are from the external, e.g. rainfall, and from above or the alleged source sites, e.g. domestic use of water.
  • 2. The former is obvious and can readily be identified with certainty. The main difficulty is to identify the source/cause of water seepage coming from above (e.g. from the bathroom immediate above an alleged water seepage site).
  • 3. If the parties are cooperative, there is a good chance that the problem of water seepage can be alleviated by investigating/identifying the sources and carrying out proper repair. In majority of the cases, repeated repair will have to be carried out
  •  
    WATER LEAKAGE COMMON METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
     
  • Methodology 1: The alleged source site is first subjected to dyed water to simulate the water source(s). Afterwards, measurement of moisture is carried out in the alleged water seepage site. Typical examples include flooding test, water spray test and dye test. It is generally considered as the most direct means to identify/differentiate different water source(s). However, it is not applicable in majority of the cases due to non-corporation of owners/occupiers of the alleged source site thereby disallowing any flooding test, water spray test or dye test to be carried out from the alleged water seepage site.
  •  
  • Methodology 2: Without simulating the water source(s), measurement of moisture is carried out in the alleged water seepage site. Source(s) and cause(s) of water seepage are interpreted from the measurement and this requires high level of professional knowledge and expertise.
  •  
  • The commonly used techniques for investigating the causes and/or sources of water seepage.
  •  
    Common methods of investigating water seepage
     
  • 1. Dye test - Through thickness penetration
  • 2. Protimeter measurement - Limit to surface
  • 3. Infrared thermography - From surface to nominal depth
  • 4. Microwave moisture meter - Up to 110 mm or more
  •  
    1. Dye Test
     
  • Dye test is the most commonly used technique, inexpensive and requiring minimal technical skills. It is used by the Joint Office as the routine method for systematic investigation and is recommended as a DIY investigation tool (FEHD and BD). Dye test is carried out by ponding the alleged source site (e.g. flooding the bathroom) with dyed water (“the ponding area”). The result is positive if dye is visible from below. Recently, fluorescent dyes are used thereby signs of water seepage are observed from below by an ultraviolet light in dark condition. Quite often dye is not detected from below in the damp area (“negative results”) even though water originates from the ponding area.
  •  
    2. Protimeter Measurement
     
  • Protimeter is a device commonly used to assess the surface moisture content of a material. Surface moisture content is measured through pushing two needles/electrodes into the material. It enables rapid assessment of surface moisture content. Due to the heterogeneous properties of concrete and unknown properties of finishes on the surface of concrete, readings obtained from a protimeter cannot be taken directly as surface moisture content, unless the readings reflect very high moisture content. As precalibration of surface moisture content of concrete is virtually not possible, readings are taken from both affected areas and non-affected areas (or control points) and the values are compared to estimate the surface moisture content of affected areas
  •  
    3. Infrared thermography
     
  • Infrared thermography is based on the principle that wet and dry building components have different rates of heat gain and retention. This technique is normally applied using a hand-held infrared camera with recording device . Wet zone is identified based on physical characteristics of wet material with slower heat gain and heat loss. It may be able to display water paths, hidden water pipes, etc. that are close to the surface. As temperature differential can be very small (between 0.1C to 0.5C) for identifying a wet area, an uneven surface, e.g. spalling/delamination of finishes, may distort the temperature gradient making the thermographic images unreliable. this is usually the case in an affected area
  •  
    4. Microwave moisture meter
     
  • Microwave moisture meter has gained popularity in measuring the moisture content of a material. It is based on the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the material. Moisture content is estimated from the energy loss due to absorption of water. The device includes a generator and a receiver . It has the disadvantage of requiring a good contact surface for both generator and receiver which may not be possible to achieve in majority of the cases. It is also sensitive to heterogeneous nature of concrete that may cause error in the readings obtained from the measurement. As each measurement is presented as averaged moisture up to a certain depth, accuracy is also adversely affected by the presence of cavities, pipes or reinforcement embedded inside concrete.
  •  
  • Apart from dye test with the advantage of identifying water path(s) or source(s) of water seepage directly, the above are all interpretive testing methods. In some cases, microwave moisture measurement may also provide good indication of the water path(s) or source(s) of water seepage but this largely depends on the quality of the test data
  •  
  • Protimeter and infrared thermography can only identify the presence of moisture near the surface. As moisture measurements are indirectly assessed via electrical resistance and heat, respectively, foreign materials inside concrete may cause similar changes on the measurement to that of water. For instance, presence of salt may affect the reading and thus the accuracy of the measurement. Therefore, the data is used to compare the moisture condition between two different areas of the same material, namely control points not affected by water seepage and the affected areas.
  •  
  • Data obtained from the field works has suggested that there exists no universal method that can provide reliable results to identify the cause(s) of water seepage. Method of investigation has to be determined case by case based on the condition of concrete at the surface and in the interior
  •  
  • As indicated in the above, accuracy depends on the condition of the affected areas and how the tests are performed. Correct interpretation of the test results further relies on an understanding of the underlining principle; limitations; and the pros and cons of applying different methods of investigations. We are of the view that there is in lack of an expertise or a unify approach to select the proper tests; to perform the tests and/or to interpret the results. Obviously, it is very difficult if not impossible task for the parties, who are laymen to the tests, to select the tests; to perform the tests and/or to interpret the results, save and except dye test. A performance-based approach is proposed to handle water seepage in buildings.
  •  
    CONCLUSIONS
     
  • Pursuant to reported cases and relevant provisions in the ordinances, the standard of investigation is to be one with high degree of certainty and the investigation so conducted is able to distinguish all possible causes of water seepage. Common difficulties in resolving water seepage disputes are due to (a) inability to identify the source(s)/cause(s) of water seepage and (b) non-corporation of owners/occupiers of premises alleged of causing water seepage. In respect of (a), it depends on the condition of the affected areas; how the tests are performed; and correct interpretation of the test results. It is necessary to improve and/or develop methods of investigating water seepage. As an alternative approach, it is suggested to identify the source(s) of water seepage from moisture readings obtained from alleged water seepage sites and vibration readings obtained from exposed waste pipes without entering the alleged source sites. Further, it is desirable to shift the method of investigation from an informative approach to a consultative approach with interaction by the party/parties. We need to dedicate tools to match the accuracy/reliability of methods of investigation with the goals of the parties and the goals of the investigation and to provide the parties with opportunities to decide how they would like to proceed. By following a performance-based approach, it is possible to reduce the overall cost and time by not carrying out unnecessary and/or unreliable tests. This may ultimately assist the public to resolve the problem of water seepage in buildings.
  •  
    Water Seepage Investigation List
     
    Water Seepage Problem investigation , Leak & Water Seepage testing in yemen , Dampness, Seepage and Water Leakage Inspection in yemen , Dampness, Seepage and Water Leakage detection in yemen , Detecting Leakage , water leakage testing in yemen , Seepage testing Source in yemen , Residential Building seepage tesing in yemen , Seepage testing using Fluoride , Seepage on Walls testing in yemen , Dampness on Walls tesing in yemen , Preventing Dampness in yemen , Preventing Dampness Types of Waterproofing Material , Effects of Dampness detection in yemen , Causes of Dampness detection in yemen , Seepage or Dampness on Walls , Seepage Inspections , Leak detection and location in yemen , Leak detection testing in yemen , Leak detection in yemen , Leak detection problem inspection , Water Testing and Leakage inspection , Dampness, Seepage and Water Leakage Inspection In yemen , dampness testing in yemen , seepage testing in yemen , water leakage testing in yemen , leak testing in yemen , Hydrostatic & Diagnostic Pressure Testing and Pipe Leak , Basements Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Escalators Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Electrical rooms Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Electrical Transformers Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , DG sets Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Water treatment plant Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Sewage treatment plant Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Sumps & Pumping plant Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Rain water harvesting system Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Firefighting systems Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Lobbies Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Water treatment plant Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Sewage treatment plant Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Sumps & Pumping plant Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Rain water harvesting system Plant Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Corridors Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Parking Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Podium Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Overhead water tanks Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Helipad Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Roads and pathways Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Staircases Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Basement ventilation and exhaust systems Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Dampness & damages in all common areas Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Painting work Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen , Shafts and ducts which are open for inspection Dampness Seepage and Water Leakage testing in yemen ...
     
    civil ndt and mechanical ndt - non destructive testing in yemen list
     
    civil ndt testing - non-destructive testing in yemen , concrete for bridges testing in yemen , dams civil testing in yemen ,, building civil ndt in yemen , subway civil testing in yemen , tunnel civil ndt in yemen , ultrasonic pulse velocity testing in yemen , rebound hammer testing in yemen , rebar locator in yemen , depth of concrete in yemen , half cell potential testing in yemen , carbonation testing in yemen , pile integrity testing in yemen , visual inspection and field in yemen , civil ndt - concrete testing in yemen , ultrasonic pulse velocity testing in yemen , rebound hammer testing in yemen , rebar locator in yemen , depth of concrete in yemen , half cell potential testing in yemen , carbonation testing in yemen , pile integrity testing in yemen , visual inspection and field in yemen , in-situ compressive strength testing in yemen , civil design strength in yemen , civil existing structures in yemen , construction materials testing in yemen , pile testing systems in yemen , structural monitoring systems in yemen , asphalt testing systems in yemen , pavement testing in yemen , rock and soil laboratory test systems in yemen , non-destructive tests for concrete in yemen , geotechnical & vibration monitoring systems in yemen , pavement condition monitoring in yemen , concrete and cement lab systems in yemen , civil lab testing concrete and concreting material analysis , civil laboratory testing in yemen , construction material testing in yemen , cement testing in yemen , aggregate testing in yemen , bricks testing in yemen , blocks testing in yemen , tension test on rebars testing in yemen , chemical test on rebars testing in yemen , water analysis in yemen , cube test in yemen , accelerated cube test (act) in yemen , rapid chloride test (rcpt) in yemen , concrete mix design in yemen , fly ash in yemen , slag and silica fume in yemen , self compacting concrete in yemen , temperature controlled concrete in yemen , civil ndt and concrete testing in yemen , civil ndt investigation in yemen , concrete investigation in yemen , coating thickness measurement on concrete structures in yemen , compressive strength testing in yemen , concrete mix design in yemen , bitumen mix design in yemen , core extraction testing in yemen , core sampling testing in yemen , concrete core testing in yemen , concrete cube testing in yemen , chemical analysis in yemen , electrical resistivity testing in yemen , ground penetrating radar survey in yemen , sieve analysis in yemen , ultrasonic low frequency testing in yemen , upv testing in yemen , vibration analysis of building in yemen , leak testing in yemen , ct scan on conctete in yemen , element analysis on concrete in yemen , impact echo testing in yemen , linear polarization testing in yemen , load testing in yemen , permeability testing in yemen , petrography of concrete in yemen , pullout testing in yemen , cut and pullout testing (cpo test) in yemen , impulse response test in yemen , impact echo test in yemen , ground penetrating radar (gpr) in yemen , crack depth measurement in yemen , reinforcement location and corrosion assessments in yemen , reinforcement location by ground penetrating radar (gpr) in yemen , cover assessment in yemen , half cell potential tests in yemen , resistivity tests in yemen , corrosion rate assessment in yemen , carbonation test in yemen , repair quality assessment in yemen , bond test in yemen , anchor rebar pull out strength in yemen , chemical testing in yemen , ultrasonic testing in yemen , radiographic testing in yemen , magnetic particle testing in yemen , penetrant testing in yemen , eddy current testing in yemen , visual testing in yemen , ultrasonic thickness measurement testing in yemen , vibration analysis in yemen , time of flight diffraction (tofd) in yemen , phased array ultrasonic testing (paut) in yemen , ndt testing in yemen , non destructive testing in yemen , ndt in yemen , ultrasonic testing in yemen , magnetic particle testing in yemen , dye penetrant testing in yemen , radiographic testing in yemen , eddy current testing in yemen , vibration analysis in yemen , paut – toft in yemen , ultrasonic thickness gauging testing in yemen , helium leak detection in yemen , rfet / nfet / pect testing in yemen , internal rotary inspection system (iris) in yemen , acoustic pulse reflectometry (apr) in yemen , positive material identification testing in yemen , magnetic flux leakage (mfl) testing in yemen , acoustic emission testing in yemen , flouresent leak detection in yemen , long range ultrasonic testing - lrut in yemen , thermography inspection in yemen , leak testing in yemen , tky joints ultrasonic testing in yemen , aws d1.1 structural steel ultrasonic testing in yemen , ndt capabilities for mechanical and civil in yemen , ultrasonic inspection in yemen , time of flight diffraction (tofd) and phased array ut in yemen , magnetic particle testing in yemen , dye penetrant testing in yemen , radiographic testing in yemen , eddy current testing in yemen , weld ability study in yemen , visual inspection and field in yemen ...
     
    list of our services following cities
     
    Afghanistan | Africa | Albania | Algeria | Americas | Andorra | Angola | Anguilla | Antigua and Barbuda | Argentina | Armenia | Aruba | Asia | Australia | Australia and New Zealand | Austria | Azerbaijan | Bahamas | Bahrain | Bangladesh | Barbados | Belarus | Belgium | Belize | Benin | Bermuda | Bhutan | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Botswana | Brazil | British Virgin Islands | Brunei Darussalam | Bulgaria | Burkina Faso | Burundi | Cabo Verde | Cambodia | Cameroon | Canada | Caribbean | Cayman Islands | Central African Republic | Central America | Central Asia | Chad | Chile | China, Hong Kong SAR | China, Macao Special Administrative Region | China, People's Republic of | Colombia | Comoros | Congo | Cook Islands | Costa Rica | Côte d'Ivoire | Croatia | Cuba | Curaçao | Cyprus | Czechia | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Denmark | Djibouti | Dominica | Dominican Republic | Eastern Africa | Eastern Asia | Eastern Europe | Ecuador | Egypt | El Salvador | Equatorial Guinea | Eritrea | Estonia | Ethiopia | Europe | Fiji | Finland | Former Czechoslovakia | Former Ethiopia | Former Netherlands Antilles | Former Sudan | Former USSR | Former Yugoslavia | France | French Polynesia | Gabon | Gambia | Georgia | Germany | Ghana | Greece | Greenland | Grenada | Guatemala | Guinea | Guinea-Bissau | Guyana | Haiti | Honduras | Hungary | Iceland | India | Indonesia | Iran, Islamic Republic of | Iraq | Ireland | Israel | Italy | Jamaica | Japan | Jordan | Kazakhstan | Kenya | Kingdom of Eswatini | Kiribati | Kosovo | Kuwait | Kyrgyzstan | Lao People's Democratic Republic | Latin America and the Caribbean | Latvia | Lebanon | Lesotho | Liberia | Libya | Liechtenstein | Lithuania | Luxembourg | Madagascar | Malawi | Malaysia | Maldives | Mali | Malta | Marshall Islands | Mauritania | Mauritius | Melanesia | Mexico | Micronesia | Micronesia (Federated States of) | Middle Africa | Monaco | Mongolia | Montenegro | Montserrat | Morocco | Mozambique | Myanmar | Namibia | Nauru | Nepal | Netherlands | New Caledonia | New Zealand | Nicaragua | Niger | Nigeria | Northern Africa | Northern America | Northern Europe | Norway | Oceania | Oman | Pakistan | Palau | Panama | Papua New Guinea | Paraguay | Peru | Philippines | Poland | Polynesia | Portugal | Puerto Rico | Qatar | Republic of Korea | Republic of Moldova | Republic of North Macedonia | Romania | Russian Federation | Rwanda | Saint Kitts and Nevis | Saint Lucia | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Samoa | San Marino | Sao Tome and Principe | Saudi Arabia | Senegal | Serbia | Seychelles | Sierra Leone | Singapore | Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | Slovakia | Slovenia | Solomon Islands | Somalia | South Africa | South America | South Sudan | South-Eastern Asia | Southern Africa | Southern Asia | Southern Europe | Spain | Sri Lanka | State of Palestine | Sub-Saharan Africa | Sudan | Suriname | Sweden | Switzerland | Syrian Arab Republic | Tajikistan | Thailand | Timor-Leste | Togo | Tonga | Trinidad and Tobago | Tunisia | Turkey | Turkmenistan | Turks and Caicos Islands | Tuvalu | Uganda | Ukraine | United Arab Emirates | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | United Republic of Tanzania: Mainland | United Republic of Tanzania: Zanzibar | United States | Uruguay | Uzbekistan | Vanuatu | Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | Viet Nam | Western Africa | Western Asia | Western Europe | World | Yemen | Yemen: Former Democratic Yemen | Yemen: Former Yemen Arab Republic | Zambia | Zimbabwe ...
     
    list of our services following city
     
    Sana'a | Ta'izz | Al Hudaydah | Aden | Ibb | Dhamar | Mukalla | Seiyun | Zinjibar | Sayyan | Ash Shihr | Sahar | Zabid | Hajjah | Bajil District | Dhi as-Sufal | Rada'a | Socotra | Bait al-Faqih | al-Marawi'a | Yarim | Al Bayda' | 'Amran | Lahij | Abs | Harad | Dimnat Chadir | Ataq | al-Mahabischa | Baihan | Marib | Thula | Az Zaydiyah | Mudiyah | Khamir | Hais | ad-Dahi | Mocha | Al Ghaydah | Al Mahwit ....
     
    list of our services following Capital District
     
    Sana'a | Ta'izz | Al Hudaydah | 'Adan | Ibb | Dhamar | Hadhramaut | Hadhramaut | Abyan | San‘a’ | Hadhramaut | San‘a’ | Al Hudaydah | Hajjah | Al Hudaydah | Ibb | Al Bayda' | Hadhramaut | Al Hudaydah | Al Hudaydah | Ibb | Al Bayda' | San‘a’ | Lahij | Hajjah | Hajjah | Ta'izz | Shabwah | Hajjah | Shabwah | Ma'rib | 'Amran | Al Hudaydah | Abyan | 'Amran | Ta'izz | Al Hudaydah | Ta'izz | Al Mahrah | Al Mahwit ....
     
    list of our services following City
     
    Sanaa | Ta‘izz | Al Ḩudaydah | Aden | Ibb | Dhamār | Zabīd | Al Mukallā | Tarīm | Ash Shaykh ‘Uthmān | ‘Amrān | Zinjibār | Şa‘dah | Say’ūn | Ash Shiḩr | Ḩajjah | Bājil | Radā‘ | Bayt al Faqīh | Al Bayḑā’ | ‘Ataq | Yarīm | Laḩij | Ja‘ār | Al Ghayz̧ah | Ma‘bar | Ma’rib | Ad Dīs ash Sharqīyah | Jiblah | Khamir | Mocha | Raydah | Ḩadībū | Al Maḩwīt | Ar Rawḑah | Ḑawrān ad Daydah | Qalansīyah | Sayḩūt | Crater | At Tawāhī | Al Manşūrah | Al Ma‘allā’ | Al Masālīyah | Al Jabīn | Aḑ Ḑāli‘ | Al Ḩazm | Al Misrākh | Khawr Maksar | Banī an Nahārī | Dhī as Sufāl | Qaryat al Qābil | Ar Rawḑah | Ḩawrah | Khayrān | Markaz Mudhaykirah | Banī al ‘Awwām | Al Maḩābishah | Dār an Nāşir | Ar Rubū‘ | Sūq Shamar | Al ‘Ayn | Al Makhādir | Aş Şalw | Qaryat ad Da‘īs | As Sayyānī | Waḑarah | Z̧almah al ‘Ulyā | Al Miftāḩ | Ḩayfān | Yufrus | Al ‘Udayn | Ar Rawnah | Ash Shaghādirah | As Sarīr | Kusmah | Sūq ar Rubū‘ | Al Nashmah | Washḩah | As Saddah | Ash Shāhil | Kuḩlān ‘Affār | Bayt ‘Adhāqah | Ar Riḑā’ī | Al Jurbah | Ad Dann | Raşad | An Naz̧īr | Madīnat Lab‘ūs | Al Jamīmah | Banī Ḩujjāj | Al Mirwāḩ | Ḩazm al ‘Udayn | Ar Raḑmah | Aş Şafaqayn | Mabyan | An Nādirah | Shahārat al Ghīs | Al Madān | At Turbah | Aţ Ţawīlah | Şuwayr | Ad Dimnah | Ar Ramādī | Banī Bakr | Ḩabābah | Shibām | Al Mighlāf | Al Manşūrīyah | Al Ḩadīyah | Saḩḩab | Al Maghrabah | Ar Rujum | Aḑ Ḑaḩī | Riḩāb | Kushar | Z̧abah | Al Ḩusayn | Sharas | Najd al Jamā‘ī | Ḩabūr | Bayt as Sayyid | Matwaḩ | Aslam | Az Zaydīyah | Aḑ Ḑil‘ | Al Qanāwiş | Riqāb | As Sūdah | Māwiyah | Az Zuhrah | Al ‘Urrah | Al Aḩad | Aş Şarārah | Al Marāwi‘ah | Az Zāhir | Ḩays | As Sūq al Jadīd | Milāḩ | Al Mashāf | As Suwaydā | An Nāşirah | Al Khirāb | As Sukhnah | Ḩammām Damt | Ku‘aydinah | Maqbanah | Al Jarrāḩī | Dhī Nā‘im | Mustabā’ | Al Khāniq | Ar Rawḑ | Az Zāhir | Ḩadādah | Al Jum‘ah | Ḩammām ‘Alī | Sayyān | Ghaymān | Qa‘ţabah | Ḑawrān | Zakhim | Al Burayqah | Al ‘Aqabah | Al ‘Awābil | Al Hijrah | Sūq al Khamīs | Al Malāḩīţ | Al Kharāb | Manākhah | Markaz al Marīr | Al Khamīs | Ḩaydān | Dhī Jalāl | Bidbadah | Ḩabīl ar Raydah | Al Mayfa’ah | Sāqayn | Ḩaraḑ | ‘Ubāl | Jiḩānah | Kirsh | Dhaybīn | Matnah | Zarājah | ‘Abs | Mafḩaq | At Tuḩaytā’ | Al Luḩayyah | Ad Durayhimī | Wa‘lān | Markaz Bilād aţ Ţa‘ām | Al Qaflah | Majz | An Najd | Rajūzah | Al Ḩabīlayn | Al Ḩayfah | Bayt Marrān | Al Ghayl | Al ‘Ashshah | Al Matūn | Ḩabīl al Jabr | Bayḩān | Ash Shuqayrah | Al Khawkhah | Ḩūth | As Sawādīyah | Al Munīrah | Mukayrās | Mawza‘ | Al Musaymīr | Al Ḩarjah | Sūq Sibāḩ | Aş Şawma‘ah | Suḩayl Shibām | Lawdar | Aş Şa‘īd | Al Qurayshīyah | Ḩişn Banī Sa‘d | Ḩarīb | Al Ḩumaydāt | Al ‘Āqir | Aş Şalīf | Al Ghaylah | Al Wuday‘ | Al ‘Inān | Juban | Al Ḩazm | Ash Sharyah | Ţawr al Bāḩah | Al Ḩashwah | Mūdīyah | Ash Shawātī | Ḩabbān | Āl Ma‘ūdah | Al Ḩajab | Al Maşlūb | Mīdī | Al Madīd | Ghayl Bā Wazīr | Al Qaţan | Marbāţ | Al Aqţa‘ | Kamarān | Judaydah | Bāqim as Sūq | Al Milāḩ | Jayshān | Sirār | Ḩurayḑah | ‘Amd | Nişāb | Madghil | Al Ḩarf | Mayfa‘ah | Sūq Şirwāḩ | Al ‘Amūd | Ar Raydah | Al Bāţinah | Ash Shaţţ | Şīf | Şanā’ | Dhubāb | Khawrah | ‘Usaylān | Al Ḩuşūn | Al Maḩfid | Raḩabah | Sāh | Maswarah | Majzar | Kitāf | Al Jawl | Asdās | Maţarah | Az̧ Z̧alī‘ah | Burūm | Aḩwar | Ḩaşwayn | Al ‘Ulayb | Al Shirūj | Ruḑūm | Aţ Ţalḩ | Ḩawf | Qishn | Al Māfūd | Jawl al Majma‘ | Al Maḩjal | Daḩasuways | Al Bilād | Ḩajar al Mashā’ikh | Al ‘Abr | Shiḩan as Suflá | Al Qurḩ | Thamūd | Rumāh | Bi’r Ḩāt | As Salāsil | Minwakh ....