Rock triaxial test was designed to determine the shear strength of rock samples.Different types of rocks have largely varying shear strength values, and the shear strength of a type of rock can vary greatly depending on its confining pressure, mineral structure, the moisture in the rock, and many other factors.

The triaxial test was developed to test various rock samples under many different conditions to understand how the rock will behave in the field.

This test can determine how the applied stress is related to the deformation experienced by the rock sample as well as determine the angle of internal friction and cohesion of the rock sample.

A normal triaxial testing system includes a device capable of applying a load to the top of the specimen, a chamber capable of applying pressure to the entirety of a specimen, and systems capable of measuring the load, pressure, and deformation of the specimen. The apparatus for a typical rock triaxial test is shown on the right. A typical specimen is placed in the compression chamber and the axial load piston is brought into contact with the top of the specimen. The compression chamber is filled with liquid, usually a non-conductive fluid such as oil, and is pressurized. The confining pressure is set to a certain value and the axial load is applied. The loading piston moves at a constant rate, changing the total height of the specimen constantly with an increasing load. The system measures the load acting on the specimen until the specimen decreases in height under a constant load. This is defined as the failure of the specimen.

Typical specimens are cylindrical in shape and have a diameter of at least 25 mm (0.984 in) and a height around 2.0 to 2.5 times the diameter. This height allows the specimen to fail in the center of the specimen (and not through the ends) while avoiding buckling during the test. Coring machines, like the one shown below, can be used to create these cylindrical specimens from a larger sample of rock. The sample is then ground with a grinder to ensure that the faces of the rock are flat and parallel. After creating the specimen, it is wrapped in a membrane to prevent the confining liquid from entering the specimen during testing.

1. Apparent Porosity and Density

2. Water Absorption Test

3. Permanent Linear Change Test

4. Abrasion Resistance Test

5. Creep Deformation Test

6. Modulus of Rapture

7. Fly ash / Lime Brick Test

This test helps in determining the porosity and density of bricks to be used for the construction of load-bearing walls. The method involves measurement of dimensions and mass to determine density, followed by measuring the increase in mass when soaked in water for a standard period of time.

Test Method: IS: 1528 (P-8,9)1974

In this test, we assess the amount of water that a brick can absorb is measured by the water absorption test. There is no distinct relationship between water absorption and the water-tightness of walls. The results of water absorption tests are used by the brick manufacturer for quality assurance.

Test Method: IS: 3495 (P-2)1992

This test helps in determining the permanent linear change of refractory brick when heated under prescribed conditions, which will measure any potential shrinking when used for load-bearing walls.

Test Method: IS: 1528 (P-6)1974

The abrasion resistance of a refractory material provides an indication of its suitability for service in abrasion or erosive environments.

Test Method:IS: 5688-1982

Creep in compression (CIC) refers to the percentage of shrinkage of a refractory test piece under a constant load and exposed to a constant high temperature over a long period of time.

Test Method: IS: 1528 (P-18) 1993

The modulus of rupture (MOR) is the maximum surface stress in a bent beam at the instance of failure. One might expect this to be exactly the same as the strength measured in tension, but it is always larger because the volume subjected to this maximum stress is small, and the probability of a large flaw lying in the highly stressed region is also small.

Test Method: IS: 1528 (P-15)1991, IS: 1528 (P-5)1993

This test helps in determining the strength of fly ash/lime bricks.

Test method: IS: 13757 / IS: 12894

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1. Dimension

2. Flexural strength

3. Flexural strength

4. Surface quality

5. Breaking strength

6. Abrasion resistance

7. Compressive strength

8. Impact resistance

9. Thermal expansion

10.Chemical resistance

11. Bulk density

12. Staining resistance

A. Tiles, Parking Tiles, Cool Roof Tiles(as per IS:1237/IS:13801 /ASTM:C-1549/ASTM:C-1371/ASTM:E-1980)

1. Water Absorption

2. Abrasion Resistance/Wear Resistance

3. Wet Transverse Strength

4. Flatness(concavity and convexity)

5. Perpendicularity

6. Straightness

7. BFS Content in cement tiles

8. Solar Reflectance,Solar Absorptance,Thermal Emissivity and Solar Reflectance Index (SRI Value)

9. Thermal Conductivity

10. XRD, XRF,SEM,TEM,PSA

Granites , Marbles , Sandstones , Slates (as per ASTM:615/IS:1121/IS:1130/IS:1706)

1. Absorption, Sp. Gravity, Density - ASTM : C-97

2. Abrasion Resistance - IS:1706 /IS :1237

3. Flexural Strength - ASTM :C-880

4. Modulus of Rupture - ASTM :C-99

5. Compressive Strength - ASTM:C-170

6. Moh's Scale of Hardness - IS:13630(part-13)

7. Petrology/petrography - BS/EN:12407

8. Tensile Strength - IS:1121

9. Shear Strength - IS:1121

10.Slip/Skid Resistance - BS:7976/ASTM:E-303-Laboratory/On-site

Vitrified/Ceramic Tiles(as per IS:15622/IS:13630)

1. Dimension and Surface Quality

2. Water Absorption

3. Modulus of Rupture

4. Abrasion Resistance

5 Chemical/Stain Resistance

6. Moh's Scale of Hardness

Paver Blocks (as per IS: 15658)

1. Water Absorption

2. Flexural Strength

3. Compressive Strength

Ceramics are composed of compounds of metals and non metals and may be crystalline or partly crystalline. They are characterized as brittle, hard, strong in compression, and weak in shearing, tension and impact. These materials are also very resistant to both corrosion and very high temperatures and can be designed to either insulate against or selected to conduct electricity. Ceramics have a wide range of applications most notably in industries that require materials to withstand large compressive forces or intense heat exposure for extended periods of time.

Testing ceramics helps determine if they are suited for specific applications. Typically this involves a series of tests to measure the material’s mechanical properties. These properties include the yield strength, ultimate strength, tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, fracture strength, hardness, fracture resistance and creep rate. With the knowledge of these values the behavior that is expected from the ceramic during the application can be predicted and it can be shown if it will succeed or fail.

There are many different tests that can be performed upon ceramics but the most common and important are those that involve compression, tension, flexural, and fracture mechanics. Because of the way that ceramics are constructed they generally posses vary high compressive strengths and will most often fail due to tensile, flexural or fracture forces; therefore it is very important to test these properties. Each property may also be tested using conventional methods, creep mechanics or cyclic (fatigue) methods.

IS - 1121 (Part1-4): 1974 - determination of Compressive Strength, Transverse Strength, Tensile Strength, and Shear Strength

ASTM C 170 - Compressive Strength / ASTM C 241 - Abrasion Resistance

Water Obsorbtion : EN - 13755

Density : EN - 1936

Absorbtion Resistance : EN - 13415

Flexural Strength : EN - 12371 and 72

Skid Resistance : EN - 14231

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