Topographic Surveys are used to identify and map the contours of the ground and existing features on the surface of the earth or slightly above or below the earth's surface (i.e. trees, buildings, streets, walkways, manholes, utility poles, retaining walls, etc.)
If the purpose of the survey is to serve as a base map for the design of a residence or building of some type, or design a road or driveway, it may be necessary to show perimeter boundary lines and the lines of easements on or crossing the property being surveyed, in order for a designer to accurately show zoning and other agency required setbacks.
Topographic Surveys require "bench marks" to which ground contours are related, information regarding surface and underground utilities, determination of required setbacks, etc.
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING
* Determining the relative locations of points (places) on the earth's surface by measuring horizontal distances, differences in elevation and directions
* Topos (Gr.): place; topographic maps give the locations of places (observable features); they serve as base maps
Use of topographic surveying in geography:
Producing topographic maps
Constructing topographic (cross-sectional) profiles
Establishing vertical and horizontal control for accurately defining locations
General Principles
Select a scale in advance; this determines the plotable error
Work from the most accurate to the least accurate methods
Orient each survey, preferably with respect to true north
The first stage of surveying is always establishing horizontal and vertical control: the distance, direction and difference in elevation between key fixed points
Establish a survey plan that includes checks on accuracy, e.g. redundant points, pacing of measured distances, surveying between fixed positions, etc.
Methods
Horizontal distance
Difference in elevation
Direction
Types of horizontal angles
Bearing: angles expressed relative to a meridian using the quadrant and an acute angle, e.g. N37oE, S62oE, N20oW
Azimuth: the clockwise angle from the north branch of a meridian, e.g. 45o (northeast), 180o (south)
Deflection angle: the angle between a line and the prolongation of a preceding line; it is a right or left angle depending on whether the new line is right (clockwise) or left (counterclockwise) of the preceding line
Interior angle: an angle inside a closed polygon
Types of Traverses
Azimuth: along a single direction (azimuth); common for slope profile surveys where the profile is always perpendicular to contours (i.e. maximum slope angle)
Closed traverse: begins and ends at fixed control points of known location; permits calculation and adjustment for closure error
Closed-loop traverse: begins and ends at the same station; permits calculation and adjustment for closure error and use of interior and deflection angles
Open traverse: surveying from a known position to a point of unknown position; does not enable computational checks for error, rather all measurements must be repeated to check for error
SURVEy SERVICES & TRAINING
Total Station
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Columns Marking survey
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Pile Marking survey
Building Outer Lines Marking survey
Types of land surveying List Methods
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