Types of Air Pollution Monitoring & Testing
1. Ambient air quality monitoring & Testing
2. Indoor air quality monitoring & testing
3. Stack emission monitoring & testing
Ambient air quality testing is conducted to determine the gaseous or particulate concentration of air that may be released into the environment or breathed by humans. Dry air in the Earth’s atmosphere comprises a dynamic mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen (~78%) and oxygen (~21%). Smaller volumes of argon (~0.9%) and carbon dioxide (~0.04%) are also present alongside copious trace level gas species and various particulate matter.
What is Ambient Air Quality?
Ambient air quality is defined as the quality of air outside and sometimes inside. Ambient air quality standards are limits to concentrations of pollutants in air stated for well being of human, nature, animals, etc. There is no single specified definition of standards resulting, Various organizations use standards which are not often similar. Ambient air quality monitoring is also called as Outdoor Air Quality Testing.
What is Air Quality Monitoring?
Air quality monitoring is the process of assessment of pollutants present in the atmosphere by their quantity and types as per air quality standards. Air quality monitoring helps us to take action based on pollutants present in atmosphere to improve air quality
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring or Testing Standards
Below mentioned are National Ambient or Outdoor air quality standards (NAAQS Standards) which are used in ambient air testing.
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring or Testing Parameters
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Oxides of Nitrogen
Particulate Matter PM10
Particulate Matter PM2.5
Ozone (O3)
Lead (Pb)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Ammonia (NH3)
Benzene (C6H6)
Benzo(a)Pyrene
Arsenic (As)
Nickel (Ni)
2. Indoor Air Quality Testing Lab
Indoor air quality monitoring is all about achieving a healthy indoor environment, but what does that really mean? In general, it means:
1. There is adequate ventilation (the introduction and distribution of clean air).
2. Contaminants are controlled.
3. The temperature and humidity level are comfortable.
A. Adequate Ventilation
Ventilation plays an important role in indoor air quality. According to the EPA, ventilation is a “combination of processes which results in the supply and removal of air from inside a building.” Those processes include bringing in outside air, conditioning it and mixing it with indoor air, distributing that air throughout the building, and moving some portion of indoor air outside. If one or more of these processes are underperforming, the quality of indoor air will be affected.
Many commercial buildings use mechanical ventilation—fans and ductwork—that are part of the heating and HVAC systems. Some buildings can also utilize natural ventilation by opening doors or windows. The “ventilation rate” is the amount of outdoor air introduced into a space per a unit of time, and is often expressed in cubic feet per minute (cfm). You can find the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) minimum ventilation rates for acceptable air quality
B. Contaminants To Control
Many pollutants that impact indoor air quality come from sources inside a building, though some are drawn in from outdoors. Among the most common pollutants are:
* Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)—These are the main contributors to poor indoor air quality; they are ubiquitous both indoors and outdoors. VOCs are organic chemicals emitted as gases from products or processes; for the most part, you can smell their presence. Typical sources of VOCs indoors include things like cleaning agents, disinfectants, air fresheners, dehumidifiers, and more. (Even something as seemingly innocuous as a new carpet is likely to be giving off formaldehyde gas.) Sources of VOC contamination from outside could include volatile chemicals in polluted groundwater that are pulled inside during water use.
* Carbon monoxide (CO)—In contrast to VOCs, carbon monoxide is impossible to smell, taste, or see. At low and moderate concentrations it could cause fatigue, chest pain, or impaired vision; at high concentrations it could be fatal. Sources of carbon monoxide are generators, poorly maintained boilers or furnaces, automobile exhaust from nearby idling vehicles, and more.
* Particulate matter (PM)—Found both inside and outside, particulate matter is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air, such as dust, pollen, smoke, and soot. The particles themselves are different sizes, but the ones to be most concerned about are the smallest—10 micrometers in diameter or smaller—because they can be inhaled. Inhalation of PM can affect the heart and lungs. Outdoor PM, generated by construction, for example, or the burning of fossil fuels, enters into buildings via natural and mechanical ventilation. Indoors it can be produced by fireplaces, cigarette smoking, or other activities.
Some other pollutants to consider (but not a definitive list) are:
Radon
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Methane
C. Temperature/Humidity Levels
Temperature and humidity are considered important elements of air quality by the EPA, in part because of comfort. But too-high temperature and humidity levels have other consequences as well. Mold can begin to form as a result of high humidity; also, the rate at which chemicals are released from building materials is usually higher at higher building temperatures.
Indoor temperatures are sometimes more challenging to control than they seem due to factors such as heat gains from sunlight, outdoor conditions, and the outdoor air ventilation rate. ASHRAE recommends temperatures ranging from 68.5 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter, and from 75 to 80.5 degrees in the summer; indoor relative humidity should be maintained at or below 65%. The EPA recommends humidity levels of between 30% and 60% to reduce mold growth.
3. Stack Emission Monitoring
Stack Emissions monitoring is referred to as Stack emission testing, stack emission monitoring, stack sampling, Source Emission Monitoring or Source Testing. It is a process to measure the emission of industrial waste or pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. The pollutants emitted from the stack can be solid, gaseous, liquid organic or inorganic.
Industrial stacks are the means by which industrial plants discharge their gaseous wastes into the atmosphere. These gaseous effluents may contain pollutants which may be organic or inorganic in chemical nature and be in may be solid, liquid, or gas in physical form.
Stack Monitoring is an instrumental method or procedure for evaluating the characteristics of the emissions from industrial waste gas streams discharged into the atmosphere. Effluent measurement procedures follow specific test methods and protocols to ensure representative and accurate emission data. Test methods are generally pollutant specific, sometimes industry specific. These test methods are formulated and recommended by a variety of regulatory and statutory authorities and jurisdictions such as USEPA, CPCB etc.
Particulate pollution determination is generally carried out by sampling systems. Gaseous pollution determination is carried out either by manual methods or by instrumental methods depending upon the gaseous pollutant of interest. Manual methods comprise sampling systems.
A typical sampling system, which is the commonest method for stack emission monitoring, comprises a ‘ Sampling probe ’, a Sample Collection Module, a Sampling Control Module and a sampling pump.
The sample collection medium and the method of sampling varies with the physical form of the sampled pollutant. In case of particulate pollutants, the collection medium is a filter paper and sampling is carried out under isokinetic flow conditions. Gaseous pollutants are sampled by manual methods or instrumental methods.
* Condition of sampling under isokinetic conditions is not mandatory for sampling of gaseous pollutants.
* Removal of moisture from the stack effluents before their entry into control module is mandatory.
Moisture removal device may be made a part of the gaseous sampling system or may be kept separate from it.
Stack Emission Monitoring Methods
Isokinetic Sampling Systems
Pollutant Specific Sampling Equipment
Gaseous Sampling Systems
Instrumental Methods
Measuring Instruments
Equipment by EPA Method
Stack Monitoring Parameters and Standards / Limits as per CPCB for Boiler & DG Sets Emission
Particulate Matter (PM)
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
Total Fluoride (F)
Mercury (Hg)
Chlorine (Cl)
Hydrochloric Acid Vapor & Mist (HCl)
Sulphuric Acid Mist (H2SO4)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Lead (Pb)
pollutants for which indoor air quality test is carried out:
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Mold, yeast & bacteria
Humidity and temperature
Fungus, fiberglass, dead skin cells and insects
Pollen & dust
Aldehydes & wood paneling
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Following tests are performed for Indoor Air Quality Testing :
Particulate matter (PM2.5)
Heat Stress
Particulate matter (PM10)
Carbon monoxide
Suspended Particulate matter (SPM)
Oxygen
Sulphur dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
Lead as Pb
Ammonia Nickel as Ni
Ozone
Arsenic as As
Fluorides
Chromium as Cr
Hydrogen Sulphide
Benzene, Toluene & Xylene
Chlorine
Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) Benzo(a)Pyrene(BaP)
Temperature Volatile Organic Compounds as per EPA 502/524 mix
Humidity
Noise
Illumination
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natural Stone Testing
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