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Stack Emission Monitoring
 
 
 
Types of Air Pollution Monitoring & Testing
 
  • 1. Ambient air quality monitoring & Testing
  • 2. Indoor air quality monitoring & testing
  • 3. Stack emission monitoring & testing
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  • Ambient air quality testing is conducted to determine the gaseous or particulate concentration of air that may be released into the environment or breathed by humans. Dry air in the Earth’s atmosphere comprises a dynamic mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen (~78%) and oxygen (~21%). Smaller volumes of argon (~0.9%) and carbon dioxide (~0.04%) are also present alongside copious trace level gas species and various particulate matter.
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    What is Ambient Air Quality?
     
  • Ambient air quality is defined as the quality of air outside and sometimes inside. Ambient air quality standards are limits to concentrations of pollutants in air stated for well being of human, nature, animals, etc. There is no single specified definition of standards resulting, Various organizations use standards which are not often similar. Ambient air quality monitoring is also called as Outdoor Air Quality Testing.
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    What is Air Quality Monitoring?
     
  • Air quality monitoring is the process of assessment of pollutants present in the atmosphere by their quantity and types as per air quality standards. Air quality monitoring helps us to take action based on pollutants present in atmosphere to improve air quality
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    Ambient Air Quality Monitoring or Testing Standards
     
  • Below mentioned are National Ambient or Outdoor air quality standards (NAAQS Standards) which are used in ambient air testing.
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    Ambient Air Quality Monitoring or Testing Parameters
     
  • Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
  • Oxides of Nitrogen
  • Particulate Matter PM10
  • Particulate Matter PM2.5
  • Ozone (O3)
  • Lead (Pb)
  • Carbon Monoxide (CO)
  • Ammonia (NH3)
  • Benzene (C6H6)
  • Benzo(a)Pyrene
  • Arsenic (As)
  • Nickel (Ni)
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    2. Indoor Air Quality Testing Lab
     
  • Indoor air quality monitoring is all about achieving a healthy indoor environment, but what does that really mean? In general, it means:
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  • 1. There is adequate ventilation (the introduction and distribution of clean air).
  • 2. Contaminants are controlled.
  • 3. The temperature and humidity level are comfortable.
  • A. Adequate Ventilation
     
  • Ventilation plays an important role in indoor air quality. According to the EPA, ventilation is a “combination of processes which results in the supply and removal of air from inside a building.” Those processes include bringing in outside air, conditioning it and mixing it with indoor air, distributing that air throughout the building, and moving some portion of indoor air outside. If one or more of these processes are underperforming, the quality of indoor air will be affected.
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  • Many commercial buildings use mechanical ventilation—fans and ductwork—that are part of the heating and HVAC systems. Some buildings can also utilize natural ventilation by opening doors or windows. The “ventilation rate” is the amount of outdoor air introduced into a space per a unit of time, and is often expressed in cubic feet per minute (cfm). You can find the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) minimum ventilation rates for acceptable air quality
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    B. Contaminants To Control
     
  • Many pollutants that impact indoor air quality come from sources inside a building, though some are drawn in from outdoors. Among the most common pollutants are:
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  • * Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)—These are the main contributors to poor indoor air quality; they are ubiquitous both indoors and outdoors. VOCs are organic chemicals emitted as gases from products or processes; for the most part, you can smell their presence. Typical sources of VOCs indoors include things like cleaning agents, disinfectants, air fresheners, dehumidifiers, and more. (Even something as seemingly innocuous as a new carpet is likely to be giving off formaldehyde gas.) Sources of VOC contamination from outside could include volatile chemicals in polluted groundwater that are pulled inside during water use.
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  • * Carbon monoxide (CO)—In contrast to VOCs, carbon monoxide is impossible to smell, taste, or see. At low and moderate concentrations it could cause fatigue, chest pain, or impaired vision; at high concentrations it could be fatal. Sources of carbon monoxide are generators, poorly maintained boilers or furnaces, automobile exhaust from nearby idling vehicles, and more.
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  • * Particulate matter (PM)—Found both inside and outside, particulate matter is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air, such as dust, pollen, smoke, and soot. The particles themselves are different sizes, but the ones to be most concerned about are the smallest—10 micrometers in diameter or smaller—because they can be inhaled. Inhalation of PM can affect the heart and lungs. Outdoor PM, generated by construction, for example, or the burning of fossil fuels, enters into buildings via natural and mechanical ventilation. Indoors it can be produced by fireplaces, cigarette smoking, or other activities.
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  • Some other pollutants to consider (but not a definitive list) are:
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  • Radon
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Nitrogen dioxide
  • Methane
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    C. Temperature/Humidity Levels
     
  • Temperature and humidity are considered important elements of air quality by the EPA, in part because of comfort. But too-high temperature and humidity levels have other consequences as well. Mold can begin to form as a result of high humidity; also, the rate at which chemicals are released from building materials is usually higher at higher building temperatures.
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  • Indoor temperatures are sometimes more challenging to control than they seem due to factors such as heat gains from sunlight, outdoor conditions, and the outdoor air ventilation rate. ASHRAE recommends temperatures ranging from 68.5 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter, and from 75 to 80.5 degrees in the summer; indoor relative humidity should be maintained at or below 65%. The EPA recommends humidity levels of between 30% and 60% to reduce mold growth.
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    3. Stack Emission Monitoring
     
  • Stack Emissions monitoring is referred to as Stack emission testing, stack emission monitoring, stack sampling, Source Emission Monitoring or Source Testing. It is a process to measure the emission of industrial waste or pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. The pollutants emitted from the stack can be solid, gaseous, liquid organic or inorganic.
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  • Industrial stacks are the means by which industrial plants discharge their gaseous wastes into the atmosphere. These gaseous effluents may contain pollutants which may be organic or inorganic in chemical nature and be in may be solid, liquid, or gas in physical form.
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  • Stack Monitoring is an instrumental method or procedure for evaluating the characteristics of the emissions from industrial waste gas streams discharged into the atmosphere. Effluent measurement procedures follow specific test methods and protocols to ensure representative and accurate emission data. Test methods are generally pollutant specific, sometimes industry specific. These test methods are formulated and recommended by a variety of regulatory and statutory authorities and jurisdictions such as USEPA, CPCB etc.
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  • Particulate pollution determination is generally carried out by sampling systems. Gaseous pollution determination is carried out either by manual methods or by instrumental methods depending upon the gaseous pollutant of interest. Manual methods comprise sampling systems.
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  • A typical sampling system, which is the commonest method for stack emission monitoring, comprises a ‘ Sampling probe ’, a Sample Collection Module, a Sampling Control Module and a sampling pump.
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  • The sample collection medium and the method of sampling varies with the physical form of the sampled pollutant. In case of particulate pollutants, the collection medium is a filter paper and sampling is carried out under isokinetic flow conditions. Gaseous pollutants are sampled by manual methods or instrumental methods.
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  • * Condition of sampling under isokinetic conditions is not mandatory for sampling of gaseous pollutants.
  • * Removal of moisture from the stack effluents before their entry into control module is mandatory.
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  • Moisture removal device may be made a part of the gaseous sampling system or may be kept separate from it.
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    Stack Emission Monitoring Methods
     
  • Isokinetic Sampling Systems
  • Pollutant Specific Sampling Equipment
  • Gaseous Sampling Systems
  • Instrumental Methods
  • Measuring Instruments
  • Equipment by EPA Method
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    Stack Monitoring Parameters and Standards / Limits as per CPCB for Boiler & DG Sets Emission
     
  • Particulate Matter (PM)
  • Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
  • Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
  • Total Fluoride (F)
  • Mercury (Hg)
  • Chlorine (Cl)
  • Hydrochloric Acid Vapor & Mist (HCl)
  • Sulphuric Acid Mist (H2SO4)
  • Carbon Monoxide (CO)
  • Lead (Pb)
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    pollutants for which indoor air quality test is carried out:
     
  • Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
  • Mold, yeast & bacteria
  • Humidity and temperature
  • Fungus, fiberglass, dead skin cells and insects
  • Pollen & dust
  • Aldehydes & wood paneling
  • Carbon monoxide (CO)
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2)
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    Following tests are performed for Indoor Air Quality Testing :
     
  • Particulate matter (PM2.5)
  • Heat Stress
  • Particulate matter (PM10)
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Suspended Particulate matter (SPM)
  • Oxygen
  • Sulphur dioxide
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Oxides of Nitrogen
  • Lead as Pb
  • Ammonia Nickel as Ni
  • Ozone
  • Arsenic as As
  • Fluorides
  • Chromium as Cr
  • Hydrogen Sulphide
  • Benzene, Toluene & Xylene
  • Chlorine
  • Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) Benzo(a)Pyrene(BaP)
  • Temperature Volatile Organic Compounds as per EPA 502/524 mix
  • Humidity
  • Noise
  • Illumination
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    Environmental testing Lab Services
     
  • Environmental Monitoring
  • Ambient Air Quality Testing
  • Indoor Air Quality Testing
  • Air Monitoring Testing
  • Stack Emission Testing
  • Water Testing
  • packaged Drinking Testing
  • waste Water Testing
  • Soil Testing
  • Aggregates Soil Testing
  • Bitumen Testing
  • natural Stone Testing
  • Environmental Impact Assessment
  • Mineral Ore Testing
  • Coal Coke Analysis and Testing
  • Bio-Mass Testing
  • Fine Chemicals Testing
  • Agri Products Testing
  • Soil Geo Technical Investigation
  • Soil Analysis and Testing
  • Microbiological Examination Testing
  • Micrometeorology Analysis and testing
  • Food testing
  • ores Testing
  • minerals Testing
  •  
    Environmental Lab - Testings
     
  • Environmental Assessments Testing
  • Biodegradability / Biodegradation Testing
  • Air Monitoring Testing
  • Ambient Air Monitoring Testing
  • Air Quality Monitoring Testing
  • COSHH Assessments Testing
  • Dioxins Testing
  • Dust Testing
  • Fumes Testing
  • Furans Testing
  • Gases Testing
  • Metals Testing
  • Noise Testing
  • Phenols Testing
  • Semivolatile Organic Solvents Testing
  • Vapors Testing
  • Volatile Organic Solvents Testing
  • Allergen Testing
  • Anion Analysis Testing
  • Chloride Testing
  • Fluoride Testing
  • Sulfate Testing
  • Asbestos Surveys Testing
  • Bacteriological Testing
  • E Coli Testing
  • Fecal Coliforms Testing
  • Plate Count Testing
  • Bioconcentration Testing
  • Anaerobic Biodegradation Testing
  • Disintegration Testing
  • Bio feasibility Testing
  • Degradation Testing
  • Environmental Safety Testing
  • Acidic Atmosphere Testing
  • Atmospheric Testing
  • Contamination by Fluids Testing
  • Corrosive Environment Testing
  • Explosive Testing
  • Fungus Resistance Testing
  • High Temperature Testing
  • Humidity Testing
  • Icing/Freezing Rain Testing
  • Immersion Testing
  • Low Pressure Testing
  • Low Temperature Testing
  • Pressure Testing
  • Rain Testing
  • Salt/Fog Testing
  • Sand and Dust Testing
  • Shock Testing
  • Solar Radiation Testing
  • Temperature Testing
  • Thermal Shock Testing
  • Ecotoxicology Testing
  • Effluents and Waste Water Testing
  • Color Testing
  • Explosives Testing
  • Herbicides Testing
  • Hydrocarbons Testing
  • Neutralization Testing
  • Nutrients Testing
  • Oxidation Testing
  • Oxygen Demand Testing
  • Pesticides Testing
  • Radiological Testing
  • Sludge Thickening Testing
  • Flocculation Testing
  • Suspended Solids Turbidity Testing
  • Water and Solids Analysis Testing
  • Energy Efficiency Testing
  • Environmental Chemistry Testing
  • Environmental Contaminant Testing
  • DCE Testing
  • Perchlorate Testing
  • TCE Testing
  • Environmental Fate Studies Testing
  • Environmental Microbiology Testing
  • Coliforms Testing
  • Coliform Testing
  • Strep Testing
  • Fecal Coliform Testing
  • Total Coliform Testing
  • Cryptosporidium Testing
  • Giardia Testing
  • Mold Testing
  • Environmental Monitoring Testing
  • Environmental Simulation Testing
  • Gas Emissions Testing
  • Greenhouse Gas Emissions Testing
  • Hazardous Waste Testing
  • PCB's Testing
  • Limnology Testing
  • Metabolism Testing
  • Metals Analysis Testing
  • Arsenic Testing
  • Iron Testing
  • Lead Testing
  • Manganese Testing
  • Mercury Testing
  • Selenium Testing
  • Ocean Energy and Marine Testing
  • Green Algae Identification Testing
  • Organic Pollutants Determinations Testing
  • PAH Testing
  • PCB Testing
  • SVOC Testing
  • VOC Testing
  • Particle Identification Testing
  • Pesticide Testing
  • Photo-Degradation Testing
  • Sediment Toxicity Environmental Effects Testing
  • Eco toxicity Studies Testing
  • Seismic Testing
  • Soil Nutrients Testing
  • Carbon Testing
  • Phosphorus Testing
  • Nitrate Testing
  • Soil Testing
  • Sediment Analysis Testing
  • Bulk Soil Testing
  • Organic Soils and Sediments Testing
  • Soil Physical Properties Testing
  • Atterburg Limits Testing
  • Grain Size Testing
  • Hydraulic Conductivity Testing
  • Soil Moisture Content Testing
  • Soil Permeability Testing
  • Soil Remediation Testing
  • Specific Gravity Testing
  • Stack emissions sampling and analysis Testing
  • Ultra Trace Contaminant Analysis by HRMS Testing
  • Waste Analysis Testing
  • Waste Characterization Testing
  • Water Potability Testing
  • Coliform Bacteria Testing
  • Hardness Testing
  • Nitrates Testing
  • Sodium Chloride Testing
  • Total Dissolved Solids Testing
  • pH Testing
  • Water Quality Testing
  • Drinking Water Testing
  • Ground Water Testing
  • Inorganic Testing
  • ie Testing
  • lead Testing
  • copper Testing
  • cadmium Testing
  • arsenic Testing
  • barium Testing
  • chromium Testing
  • mercury Testing
  • selenium Testing
  • silver Testing
  • nitrate and nitrite) Organic Testing
  • Haloacetic Acid Testing
  • Total Organic Carbons Testing
  • Trihalomethanes Testing
  • (THMs) Surface Water Testing
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    Environmental Lab Testing List
     
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