Bitumen Tests, and Properties of Bitumen
Bitumen is a complex material with a complex response to stress. All bitumens show a more or less pronounced viscoelastic behavior. their resistance to deformation being dependent on both the temperature and time during which a force is applied. Only under extreme conditions can a bitumen behave either as a typical elastic solid (low temperature very short loading time) or as a viscous liquid (high temperature, long loading time). Under normal temperature conditions, both viscous and elastic behavior play their part. Since both temperature and loading time are variable under the conditions of practice. The temperature and time susceptibilities of bitumen are important performance factors. In order to characterize the numerous bitumen grades a number of test methods have been developed. Initially, these tests aimed at measuring an arbitrary mechanical property which made it possible to discriminate between various bitumens. The limits between which such properties had to be well known from practical experience. Examples of such methods of characterization and their appropriate consistency are:
Fraass breaking point
• brittleness
• Penetration
• semi-solid range
• Softening point
• The beginning of fluidity
• Viscosity fluidity range
• Penetration Index
• Temperature susceptibility
Bitumen Tests
There are a number of tests to assess the properties of bituminous materials. The following tests are usually conducted to evaluate different properties of bituminous materials.
1. Penetration test
2. Ductility test
3. Softening point test
4. Specific gravity test
5. Viscosity test
6. Flash and Fire point test
7. Float test
8. 7Water content test
9. Loss on heating test
1. Bitumen Tests- Penetration Test
It measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in tenths of a millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds. BIS had standardised the equipment and test procedure. The penetrometer consists of a needle assembly with a total weight of 100g and a device for releasing and locking in any position. The bitumen is softened to a pouring consistency, stirred thoroughly and poured into containers at a depth at least 15 mm in excess of the expected penetration. The test should be conducted at a specified temperature of 25 C. It may be noted that penetration value is largely influenced by any inaccuracy with regards to pouring temperature, size of the needle, weight placed on the needle and the test temperature. A grade of 40/50 bitumen means the penetration value is in the range 40 to 50 at standard test conditions. In hot climates, a lower penetration grade is preferred. Figure 0.1 shows a schematic Penetration Test setup.
2. Bitumen Tests- Ductility Test
Ductility is the property of bitumen that permits it to undergo great deformation or elongation. Ductility is defined as the distance in cm, to which a standard sample or briquette of the material will be elongated without breaking. The dimension of the briquette thus formed is exactly 1 cm square. The bitumen sample is heated and poured in the mould assembly placed on a plate. These samples with moulds are cooled in the air and then in the water bath at 27 C temperature. The excess bitumen is cut and the surface is leveled using a hot knife. Then the mould with the assembly containing sample is kept in the water bath of the ductility machine for about 90 minutes. The sides of the moulds are removed, the clips are hooked on the machine and the machine is operated. The distance up to the point of the breaking of thread is the ductility value which is reported in cm. The ductility value gets affected by factors such as pouring temperature, test temperature, the rate of pulling etc. A minimum ductility value of 75 cm has been specified by the BIS. Figure 0.1 shows ductility moulds to be filled with bitumen.
3. Bitumen Tests- Softening Point Test
Softening point denotes the temperature at which the bitumen attains a particular degree of softening under the specifications of test. The test is conducted by using Ring and Ball apparatus. A brass ring containing test sample of bitumen is suspended in liquid like water or glycerin at a given temperature. A steel ball is placed upon the bitumen sample and the liquid medium is heated at a rate of 5 C per minute. Temperature is noted when the softened bitumen touches the metal plate which is at a specified distance below. Generally, higher softening point indicates lower temperature susceptibility and is preferred in hot climates. Figure 0.1 shows Softening Point test setup.
4. Bitumen Tests- Specific gravity Test
In paving jobs, to classify a binder, density property is of great use. In most cases, bitumen is weighed, but when used with aggregates, the bitumen is converted to volume using density values. The density of bitumen is greatly influenced by its chemical composition. Increase in aromatic type mineral impurities causes an increase in specific gravity.
The specific gravity of bitumen is defined as the ratio of the mass of given volume of bitumen of known content to the mass of the equal volume of water at 27 C. The specific gravity can be measured using either pycnometer or preparing a cube specimen of bitumen in the semi-solid or solid state. The specific gravity of bitumen varies from 0.97 to 1.02.
5. Bitumen Tests- Viscosity Test
Viscosity denotes the fluid property of the bituminous material and it is a measure of resistance to flow. At the application temperature, this characteristic greatly influences the strength of resulting paving mixes. Low or high viscosity during compaction or mixing has been observed to result in lower stability values. At high viscosity, it resists the compactive effort and thereby resulting mix is heterogeneous, hence low stability values. And at low viscosity instead of providing a uniform film over aggregates, it will lubricate the aggregate particles. Orifice type viscometers are used to indirectly find the viscosity of liquid binders like cutbacks and emulsions. The viscosity expressed in seconds is the time taken by the 50 ml bitumen material to pass through the orifice of a cup, under standard test conditions and specified temperature. The viscosity of a cutback can be measured with either 4.0 mm orifice at 25$^o$ C or 10 mm orifice at 25 or 40 C.
6. Bitumen Tests- Flash and Fire Point Test
At high temperatures depending upon the grades of bitumen, materials leave out volatiles. And these volatiles catches fire which is very hazardous and therefore it is essential to qualify this temperature for each bitumen grade. BIS defined the flash point as the temperature at which the vapour of bitumen momentarily catches fire in the form of flash under specified test conditions. The fire point is defined as the lowest temperature under specified test conditions at which the bituminous material gets ignited and burns.
7. Bitumen Tests- Float Test
Normally the consistency of bituminous material can be measured either by penetration test or viscosity test. But for certain range of consistencies, these tests are not applicable and Float test is used. The apparatus consists of an aluminum float and a brass collar filled with bitumen to be tested. The specimen in the mould is cooled to a temperature of 5 C and screwed in to float. The total test assembly is floated in the water bath at 50 C and the time required for water to pass its way through the specimen plug is noted in seconds and is expressed as the float value.
8. Bitumen Tests- Water Content Test
It is desirable that the bitumen contains minimum water content to prevent foaming of the bitumen when it is heated above the boiling point of water. The water in a bitumen is determined by mixing known weight of specimen in a pure petroleum distillate free from water, heating, and distilling of the water. The weight of the water condensed and collected is expressed as the percentage by weight of the original sample. The allowable maximum water content should not be more than 0.2% by weight.
9. Bitumen Tests- Loss on heating Test
When the bitumen is heated it loses the volatility and gets hardened. About 50gm of the sample is weighed and heated to a temperature of 163 C for 5hours in a specified oven designed for this test. The sample specimen is weighed again after the heating period and loss in weight is expressed as the percentage by weight of the original sample. Bitumen used in pavement mixes should not indicate more than 1% loss in weight, but for bitumen having penetration values 150-200 up to 2% loss in weight is allowed.
Bitumen Tests with IS Codes
Penetration Test : IS - 1203 - 1978
Ductility Test : IS - 1208 - 1978
Softening Point Test : IS - 1205 - 1978
Specific gravity Test : IS - 1202 - 1978
Viscosity Test : IS - 1206 - 1978
Flash and Fire Point Test : IS - 1209 - 1978
Float Test IS - 1210 - 1978
Detarmination of Water content IS - 1211 - 1978
Detarmination of loss of heating IS - 1212 - 1978
SOIL TESTING
Standard Penetration Testing (SPT):
Soil exploration, collection and handling of disturbed and undisturbed samples as per IS Standards to any depth irrespective of character of the invisible material by employment of sophisticate equipments (including Rock drilling). Tests on samples such as Analysis of Allowable Bearing Pressure of Soil, Recommendation on foundation etc. and other specific specialized applications.
Proctor Compaction Testing:
Tests to determine Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture content.
California Bearing Ratio Testing (CBR):
Tests to determine strength of subgrades.
Core compaction testing:
Tests to determine strength of soil.
Soil- Electrical resistivity Testing:
Soil sensitivity is defined as the ratio of peak to remoulded shear strength. Problem soil materials are those that show large strength losses on disruption, resulting in catastrophic failure, liquefaction and long run-out distances
Soil Analysis :
Soil SBC-(Safe Bearing Capacity Testing)
Soil Core Cutting test
Sand Replacement Test
Soil Proctor Density Test
Sand replacement test
Soil CBR Test
Soil Unconfined Compressive Strength Test (UCC)
Soil properties Test such as Sieve Analysis
Soil Specific Gravity
Soil Free Swell Index
Soil Atterberg limits
Rock testing:
1. Compression test
2. Water Absorption test
3. Point Load index test
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guacamayas |
guateque |
guayatá |
güicán |
iza |
jenesano |
jericó |
la capilla |
la uvita |
la victoria |
labranzagrande |
macanal |
maripí |
miraflores |
mongua |
monguí |
moniquirá |
motavita |
muzo |
nobsa |
nuevo colón |
oicatá |
otanche |
pachavita |
páez |
paipa |
pajarito |
panqueba |
pauna |
paya |
paz de río |
pesca |
pisba |
puerto boyacá |
quípama |
ramiriquí |
ráquira |
rondón |
saboyá |
sáchica |
samacá |
san eduardo |
san josé de pare |
san luis de gaceno |
san mateo |
san miguel de sema |
san pablo de borbur |
santa maría |
santa rosa de viterbo |
santa sofía |
santana |
sativanorte |
sativasur |
siachoque |
soatá |
socha |
socotá |
sogamoso |
somondoco |
sora |
soracá |
sotaquirá |
susacón |
sutamarchán |
sutatenza |
tasco |
tenza |
tibaná |
tibasosa |
tinjacá |
tipacoque |
toca |
togüí |
tópaga |
tota |
tununguá |
turmequé |
tuta |
tutazá |
úmbita |
ventaquemada |
villa de leyva |
viracachá |
zetaquira |
manizales |
aguadas |
anserma |
aranzazu |
belalcázar |
chinchiná |
filadelfia |
la dorada |
la merced |
manzanares |
marmato |
marquetalia |
marulanda |
neira |
norcasia |
pácora |
palestina |
pensilvania |
riosucio |
risaralda |
salamina |
samaná |
san josé |
supía |
victoria |
villamaría |
viterbo |
florencia |
albania |
belén de andaquies |
cartagena del chairá |
curillo |
el doncello |
el paujil |
la montañita |
milán |
morelia |
puerto rico |
san josé del fragua |
san vicente del caguán |
solano |
solita |
valparaíso |
yopal |
aguazul |
chámeza |
hato corozal |
la salina |
maní |
monterrey |
nunchía |
orocué |
paz de ariporo |
pore |
recetor |
sabanalarga |
sácama |
san luis de palenque |
támara |
tauramena |
trinidad |
villanueva |
popayán |
almaguer |
argelia |
balboa |
bolívar |
buenos aires |
cajibio |
caldono |
caloto |
corinto |
el tambo |
florencia |
guapi |
inzá |
jambaló |
la sierra |
la vega |
lópez de micay |
mercaderes |
miranda |
morales |
padilla |
páez |
patía |
piamonte |
piendamó |
puerto tejada |
puracé |
rosas |
san sebastián |
santa rosa |
santander de quilichao |
silvia |
sotara |
suárez |
sucre |
timbío |
timbiquí |
toribio |
totoró |
villa rica |
valledupar |
aguachica |
agustín codazzi |
astrea |
becerril |
bosconia |
chimichagua |
chiriguaná |
curumaní |
el copey |
el paso |
gamarra |
gonzález |
la gloria |
la jagua de ibirico |
la paz |
manaure |
pailitas |
pelaya |
pueblo bello |
río de oro |
san alberto |
san diego |
san martín |
tamalameque |
quibdó |
acandí |
alto baudó |
atrato |
bagadó |
bahía solano |
bajo baudó |
belén de bajirá |
bojayá |
el carmen de atrato |
el carmen del darién |
cértegui |
condoto |
el cantón de san pablo |
istmina |
juradó |
litoral del san juan |
lloró |
medio atrato |
medio baudó |
medio san juan |
nóvita |
nuquí |
río iró |
río quito |
riosucio |
san josé del palmar |
sipí |
tadó |
unguía |
unión panamericana |
montería |
ayapel |
buenavista |
canalete |
cereté |
chimá |
chinú |
ciénaga de oro |
cotorra |
la apartada |
los córdobas |
momil |
moñitos |
montelíbano |
planeta rica |
pueblo nuevo |
puerto escondido |
puerto libertador |
purísima |
sahagún |
san andrés de sotavento |
san antero |
san bernardo del viento |
san carlos |
san pelayo |
santa cruz de lorica |
tierralta |
valencia |
agua de dios |
albán |
anapoima |
anolaima |
apulo |
arbeláez |
beltrán |
bituima |
bojacá |
cabrera |
cachipay |
cajicá |
caparrapí |
cáqueza |
carmen de carupa |
chaguaní |
chía |
chipaque |
choachí |
chocontá |
cogua |
cota |
cucunubá |
el colegio |
el peñón |
el rosal |
facatativá |
fómeque |
fosca |
funza |
fúquene |
fusagasugá |
gachalá |
gachancipá |
gachetá |
gama |
girardot |
granada |
guachetá |
guaduas |
guasca |
guataquí |
guatavita |
guayabal de síquima |
guayabetal |
gutiérrez |
jerusalén |
junín |
la calera |
la mesa |
la palma |
la peña |
la vega |
lenguazaque |
machetá |
madrid |
manta |
medina |
mosquera |
nariño |
nemocón |
nilo |
nimaima |
nocaima |
pacho |
paime |
pandi |
paratebueno |
pasca |
puerto salgar |
pulí |
quebradanegra |
quetame |
quipile |
ricaurte |
san antonio del tequendama |
san bernardo |
san cayetano |
san francisco |
san juan de rioseco |
sasaima |
sesquilé |
sibaté |
silvania |
simijaca |
soacha |
sopó |
subachoque |
suesca |
supatá |
susa |
sutatausa |
tabio |
tausa |
tena |
tenjo |
tibacuy |
tibiritá |
tocaima |
tocancipá |
topaipí |
ubalá |
ubaque |
ubaté |
une |
útica |
venecia |
vergara |
vianí |
villagómez |
villapinzón |
villeta |
viotá |
yacopí |
zipacón |
zipaquirá |
inírida |
barranco minas |
cacahual |
la guadalupe |
mapiripana |
morichal nuevo |
pana pana |
puerto colombia |
san felipe |
san josé del guaviare |
calamar |
el retorno |
miraflores |
neiva |
acevedo |
agrado |
aipe |
algeciras |
altamira |
baraya |
campoalegre |
colombia |
el pital |
elías |
garzón |
gigante |
guadalupe |
hobo |
iquira |
isnos |
la argentina |
la plata |
nátaga |
oporapa |
paicol |
palermo |
palestina |
pitalito |
rivera |
saladoblanco |
san agustín |
santa maría |
suaza |
tarqui |
tello |
teruel |
tesalia |
timaná |
villavieja |
yaguará |
riohacha |
albania |
barrancas |
dibulla |
distracción |
el molino |
fonseca |
hatonuevo |
la jagua del pilar |
maicao |
manaure |
san juan del cesar |
uribia |
urumita |
villanueva |
santa marta |
algarrobo |
aracataca |
ariguaní |
cerro san antonio |
chibolo |
ciénaga |
concordia |
el banco |
el piñón |
el retén |
fundación |
guamal |
nueva granada |
pedraza |
pijiño del carmen |
pivijay |
plato |
puebloviejo |
remolino |
sabanas de san ángel |
salamina |
san sebastián de buenavista |
san zenón |
santa ana |
santa bárbara de pinto |
sitionuevo |
tenerife |
zapayán |
zona bananera |
villavicencio |
acacías |
barranca de upía |
cabuyaro |
castilla la nueva |
cubarral |
cumaral |
el calvario |
el castillo |
el dorado |
fuente de oro |
granada |
guamal |
la macarena |
lejanías |
mapiripán |
mesetas |
puerto concordia |
puerto gaitán |
puerto lleras |
puerto lópez |
puerto rico |
restrepo |
san carlos de guaroa |
san juan de arama |
san juanito |
san martín |
la uribe |
vista hermosa |
san juan de pasto |
albán |
aldana |
ancuya |
arboleda |
barbacoas |
belén |
buesaco |
chachagüí |
colón |
consaca |
contadero |
córdoba |
cuaspud |
cumbal |
cumbitara |
el charco |
el peñol |
el rosario |
el tablón |
el tambo |
francisco pizarro |
funes |
guachucal |
guaitarilla |
gualmatán |
iles |
imués |
ipiales |
la cruz |
la florida |
la llanada |
la tola |
la unión |
leiva |
linares |
los andes |
magüí payán |
mallama |
mosquera |
nariño |
olaya herrera |
ospina |
policarpa |
potosí |
providencia |
puerres |
pupiales |
ricaurte |
roberto payán |
samaniego |
san bernardo |
san lorenzo |
san pablo |
san pedro de cartago |
sandoná |
santa bárbara |
santacruz |
sapuyes |
taminango |
tangua |
tumaco |
túquerres |
yacuanquer |
cúcuta |
abrego |
arboledas |
bochalema |
bucarasica |
cáchira |
cácota |
chinácota |
chitagá |
convención |
cucutilla |
duranía |
el carmen |
el tarra |
el zulia |
gramalote |
hacarí |
herrán |
la esperanza |
la playa de belén |
labateca |
los patios |
lourdes |
mutiscua |
ocaña |
pamplona |
pamplonita |
puerto santander |
ragonvalia |
salazar de las palmas |
san calixto |
san cayetano |
santiago |
sardinata |
silos |
teorama |
tibú |
toledo |
villa caro |
villa del rosario |
mocoa |
colón |
puerto leguízamo |
orito |
puerto asís |
puerto caicedo |
puerto guzmán |
san francisco |
san miguel |
santiago |
sibundoy |
valle del guamuez |
villagarzón |
armenia |
buenavista |
calarcá |
circasia |
córdoba |
filandia |
génova |
la tebaida |
montenegro |
pijao |
quimbaya |
salento |
pereira |
apía |
balboa |
belén de umbría |
dosquebradas |
guática |
la celia |
la virginia |
marsella |
mistrató |
pueblo rico |
quinchía |
santa rosa de cabal |
santuario |
san andrés |
providencia |
bucaramanga |
aguada |
albania |
aratoca |
barbosa |
barichara |
barrancabermeja |
betulia |
bolívar |
cabrera |
california |
capitanejo |
carcasí |
cepitá |
cerrito |
charalá |
charta |
chima |
chipatá |
cimitarra |
concepción |
confines |
contratación |
coromoro |
curití |
el carmen de chucurí |
el guacamayo |
el peñón |
el playón |
encino |
enciso |
florián |
floridablanca |
galán |
gámbita |
guaca |
guadalupe |
guapotá |
guavatá |
güepsa |
hato |
jesús maría |
jordán |
la belleza |
la paz |
landázuri |
lebrija |
los santos |
macaravita |
málaga |
matanza |
mogotes |
molagavita |
ocamonte |
oiba |
onzaga |
palmar |
palmas del socorro |
páramo |
piedecuesta |
pinchote |
puente nacional |
puerto parra |
puerto wilches |
rionegro |
sabana de torres |
san andrés |
san benito |
san gil |
san joaquín |
san josé de miranda |
san juan de girón |
san miguel |
san vicente de chucurí |
santa bárbara |
santa helena del opón |
simacota |
socorro |
suaita |
sucre |
suratá |
tona |
valle de san josé |
vélez |
vetas |
villanueva |
zapatoca |
sincelejo |
buenavista |
caimito |
chalán |
colosó |
corozal |
coveñas |
el roble |
galeras |
guaranda |
la unión |
los palmitos |
majagual |
morroa |
ovejas |
palmito |
sampués |
san benito abad |
san juan betulia |
san marcos |
san onofre |
san pedro |
san luis de sincé |
sucre |
toluviejo |
tolú |
ibagué |
alpujarra |
alvarado |
ambalema |
anzoátegui |
armero |
ataco |
cajamarca |
carmen de apicalá |
casabianca |
chaparral |
coello |
coyaima |
cunday |
dolores |
espinal |
falan |
flandes |
fresno |
guamo |
herveo |
honda |
icononzo |
lérida |
líbano |
mariquita |
melgar |
murillo |
natagaima |
ortega |
palocabildo |
piedras |
planadas |
prado |
purificación |
rioblanco |
roncesvalles |
rovira |
saldaña |
san antonio |
san luis |
santa isabel |
suárez |
valle de san juan |
venadillo |
villahermosa |
villarrica |
cali |
alcalá |
andalucía |
ansermanuevo |
argelia |
bolívar |
buenaventura |
bugalagrande |
caicedonia |
calima |
candelaria |
cartago |
dagua |
el águila |
el cairo |
el cerrito |
el dovio |
florida |
ginebra |
guacarí |
guadalajara de buga |
jamundí |
la cumbre |
la unión |
la victoria |
obando |
palmira |
pradera |
restrepo |
riofrío |
roldanillo |
san pedro |
sevilla |
toro |
trujillo |
tuluá |
ulloa |
versalles |
vijes |
yotoco |
yumbo |
zarzal |
mitú |
carurú |
pacoa |
papunahua |
taraira |
yavaraté |
puerto carreño |
cumaribo |
la primavera |
santa rosalía ....