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TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY SERVICES & TRAINING
 
 

 

  • Topographic Surveys are used to identify and map the contours of the ground and existing features on the surface of the earth or slightly above or below the earth's surface (i.e. trees, buildings, streets, walkways, manholes, utility poles, retaining walls, etc.)
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  • If the purpose of the survey is to serve as a base map for the design of a residence or building of some type, or design a road or driveway, it may be necessary to show perimeter boundary lines and the lines of easements on or crossing the property being surveyed, in order for a designer to accurately show zoning and other agency required setbacks.
  • Topographic Surveys require "bench marks" to which ground contours are related, information regarding surface and underground utilities, determination of required setbacks, etc.
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    TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING
     
  • * Determining the relative locations of points (places) on the earth's surface by measuring horizontal distances, differences in elevation and directions
  • * Topos (Gr.): place; topographic maps give the locations of places (observable features); they serve as base maps
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    Use of topographic surveying in geography:
     
  • Producing topographic maps
  • Constructing topographic (cross-sectional) profiles
  • Establishing vertical and horizontal control for accurately defining locations
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    General Principles
     
  • Select a scale in advance; this determines the plotable error
  • Work from the most accurate to the least accurate methods
  • Orient each survey, preferably with respect to true north
  • The first stage of surveying is always establishing horizontal and vertical control: the distance, direction and difference in elevation between key fixed points
  • Establish a survey plan that includes checks on accuracy, e.g. redundant points, pacing of measured distances, surveying between fixed positions, etc.
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    Methods
     
  • Horizontal distance
  • Difference in elevation
  • Direction
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    Types of horizontal angles
     
  • Bearing: angles expressed relative to a meridian using the quadrant and an acute angle, e.g. N37oE, S62oE, N20oW
  • Azimuth: the clockwise angle from the north branch of a meridian, e.g. 45o (northeast), 180o (south)
  • Deflection angle: the angle between a line and the prolongation of a preceding line; it is a right or left angle depending on whether the new line is right (clockwise) or left (counterclockwise) of the preceding line
  • Interior angle: an angle inside a closed polygon
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    Types of Traverses
     
  • Azimuth: along a single direction (azimuth); common for slope profile surveys where the profile is always perpendicular to contours (i.e. maximum slope angle)
  • Closed traverse: begins and ends at fixed control points of known location; permits calculation and adjustment for closure error
  • Closed-loop traverse: begins and ends at the same station; permits calculation and adjustment for closure error and use of interior and deflection angles
  • Open traverse: surveying from a known position to a point of unknown position; does not enable computational checks for error, rather all measurements must be repeated to check for error
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    SURVEy SERVICES & TRAINING
     
  • Total Station
  • Topographical Survey
  • Property Survey
  • Setting Out Works Survey
  • Power Line Survey Survey
  • Railway survey
  • Hills survey
  • Minning survey
  • Road survey
  • Airport survey
  • Airforce NOC survey
  • UAV survey
  • Lidar survey
  • Pipeline survey
  • Power survey
  • Roperty survey
  • Geo Technical survey
  • Utility survey
  • Control Point survey
  • Route survey
  • Airport survey
  • Special survey
  • Contour survey
  • Levelling survey
  • Railway Project survey
  • Interior survey
  • Building survey
  • Road survey
  • Township survey
  • Drone survey
  • Drone Aerial survey
  • Drone survey
  • GBS survey
  • GPS Control Survey
  • Engineering survey
  • Transmission Line survey
  • Dam and Lake survey
  • Layout survey
  • Boundary survey
  • FMB Drawing survey
  • Canal survey
  • Marking survey
  • Layout Marking survey
  • Columns Marking survey
  • Excavation Points Marking survey
  • Pile Marking survey
  • Building Outer Lines Marking survey
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    Types of land surveying List Methods
     
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